Like what oss and aposhark have already said, a lot of top countries are in 'debt.' But those debts consists of stocks and bonds that the government owes from its own citizens. What the government does is sell those bonds, then use the money earned to 'reinvest' in itself. The capital earned is used for projects and businesses. PROJECTS = JOBS JOBS = Money Money = More Projects Most businesses run on this too. Hence why you have the stock market. You buy a stock, the company you buy stock from uses your money (hopefully) to reinvest in themselves. Then the cycle continues Panic when the GDP of China falls down by a lot.